JOINT FOREST
MANAGEMENT IN TAMIL NADU
by
Prof.Dr.R.Annamalai,
I.F.S.,
Dean, Southern Forest Rangers College
BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
The origin and evolution of JFM in
Tamil Nadu has been much influenced by the social forestry movement and practices
prevailed in the state. Social forestry - planting of trees in the village common lands
was started as a pilot project in the year 1960 in the name of Farm Forestry and it was
continued as part of the IIIrd Five Year Plan from the year 1961 onwards. This has evolved
into a Social Forestry movement with the aid of SIDA from the year 1981 onwards which
continued upto 1996. The JFM concept of institution building, micro planning and benefit
sharing have already been developed in Social Forestry. Institution building was in the
form of constitution of Village Social Forestry Committees in the Social Forestry
Villages. Out of total 12,612 Village Panchayats in Tamilnadu, Village Social Forestry
Committee ( VSFC) have been constituted in 4343 villages, roughly covering 35% of the
Village panchayats in the state. These committees were constituted for selection of areas,
selection of species organising and supervising of plantation works, protection of
plantation and for distribution of produce among the villagers. The concept of the micro
planning in Social Forestry was in the form of reparation of Village Social Forestry
Management Plans. The concept of benefit sharing in Social Forestry was in the form of
sharing the sale proceeds of the plantations with the Panchayats on 50 : 50 basis later
modified as 60 % to panchayats and 40 % to Government. Of the panchayat share of 60 % , 20
% of the amount was supposed to be spent for forestry related activities. However this was
not done in anywhere. Benefit sharing with the Panchayats did not have any direct impact
on the village people as the benefits were not individual oriented.
INTERFACE FORESTRY
PROJECT (IFP)
The origin of JFM can be traced to
the introduction of interface forestry programme in the year 1998 as an innovative
component of the second phase of the SIDA aided SF project in Tamil Nadu. It is an
evolutionary stage in the implementation of participatory forestry management.
An Interface Forest is that part of the degraded Reserved Forests which
has an Interface with abuttant village and it forms the catchment for direct and indirect
benefit flows to Rural communities in its command area. The IFP aims at treating and
managing such a catchment to ensure increased benefit flows to improve the living
conditions of people residing in the adjacent rural settlements.
Micro watershed including the Interface Forests is consid-ered as
the unit of management. Thus the Interface Forests Micro watershed includes
Forest Eco system, Agro Eco system and other common property eco-systems. The Rural
people living in the Micro watershed are considered as eco-system people and they are
the primary stake holders in the management of the Forest in the micro watershed. IFP
is a multi sectoral comprehensive forest based rural development strategy.
It was estimated that about 6 lakhs hectares of Reserved Forests
in Tamil Nadu interfacing with 3000 villages were under various stages
of degradation. The main causes of degradation are excessive cattle grazing goat
browsing, illicit felling, recurrent forest fires, encroachments and rural poverty.
Concerned with growing problem of forest degradation, an innovative component, called
Interface Forestry Programme was introduced in the Phase II of the Social Forestry
project during 1988.
Interface Forestry Programme aimed at restoration of degraded
forests close to habitations, on watershed basis, with active cooperation
of abuttant villagers. Besides upgrading and developing the forest resources to
provide sustained ecological and economic benefits, concurrent efforts were made for
socio-economic development of the village as a whole. People's participation was
sought for from the initial planning stage onwards upto benefit sharing and to some
extent for the management and protection of forests.
Besides upgradation of the vegetational status, and
bio-diversity potential of the area, the objectives of this programme
include obtaining sustained water yield in the command area
through physiographic and biological development of the upstream side of
forest land in the watershed.
Potential areas for development were identified after
repeated dialogues with the abuttant user communities. The project area
is divided into macro and micro watersheds. Action plans are drawn up by the
implementing officers after conducting participatory Rural Appraisal exercises and
ascertaining the needs of the communities and matching it with the physical
conditions of the area to be treated and also the funds available. The area is
divided roughly into an upper eco-restoration zone, a middle asset creation zone and
a lower interface zone. The buffer zone that lies outside the Reserved
Forests but within the command areas comprising of community wastelands, private
holdings etc., are also included.
Soil and moisture conservation works were undertaken in all the zones.
Natural regeneration is encouraged by tending. Large gaps were planted with
long duration timber tress of local origin and minor forest produce yielding trees.
The lower slopes were intensively treated by planting the blanks with fuel, fodder
and green manure yielding trees. Legumes and grasses were also developed. The
community lands in the buffer zone are also planted with species that were more
sought after by the local communities.
This programme also aims simultaneously to improve the
living conditions of the abuttant user communities. Alternate employment
is provided to the people in the watershed, especially to those who have been
deprived of forest use due to implementation of this programme. Village amenities
such as provision of drinking water facilities, supply of smokeless fuel saving
"chulahs", provision of creches, conducting health and veterinary camps,
running adult education centres, were undertaken wherever possible. Training for
alternate avocation such as mat weaving, basket making, agriculture, gem
cutting etc. was also provided. Agro-forestry, sericulture and
homestead planting of usufructory trees is also promoted to provide fuel,
fodder etc. and also to provide additional income. These are certain alternate
approaches to wean away the hitherto forest users and gradually divert their interest
towards productive income generating activities outside the forests.
Interface Forestry programme is the Tamil Nadu version of Joint
Forest Management and in fact it was introduced in 1988 much before the concept
of Joint Forest Management ushered in 1990 in the country. IFP has come to a close in
the year 1996. It has evolved into Japanese OECF Aided Micro Watershed based
Comprehensive Forestry Project in Tamil Nadu from 1997 onwards.
OBJECTIVES OF IFP
Interface Forestry has a multiple
objective with multi-pronged strategies for developing forest resources, water
re-sources and human resources of the selected forest based micro watersheds.
The Objectives are :-
1. To upgrade the degraded forest resources by promoting
natural regeneration and by adopting artificial regeneration by way of
gap planting in degraded forests with the active involvement of abuttant village
communities, in planning, planting and in providing effective protection. It also
aims to identify the negative forces that caused degradation of forests, which led to
unsustainable use of the forest resources, to take effective action to eliminate
these negative forces in order to make forest management sustainable at a local
level.
2. To augment the water resources, particularly for increasing
the ground water potential of the selected micro watershed by adopting water
harvesting measures like checkdams, checkwalls, percolation ponds etc. which impound
water for promoting ground water recharge through infiltration and percolation of the
impounded water. This aims to have a direct impact on agriculture in downstream side.
3. To develop the human resources of the target village
communities through employment generation and imparting training on various
skills like basket making, mat weaving, fibre extraction, rope making,
cattle rearing, sheep rearing, nursery raising and in promoting adult education.
4. To meet the forest based needs of the abuttant village
communities with regard to fuel, fodder, minor forest produce, small timber
and other forest produces.
5. To identify the prioritised needs of the villagers in the
buffer zone and to create the necessary infra-structural facilities
like drinking water pumps, threshing floors, bus shelters etc. to satisfy their
prioritised needs.
6. To promote agro-forestry by way of supply of fruit seedlings
and other seedlings of their choice to plant in their farm lands.
7. To facilitate and ensure peoples participation of the
adjoining communities in planning, implementation and maintenance of
the programme through PRA based approach in forest based watershed management
for ensuring sustainability by creating stake for the local people in the management
of forests. Post project sustainability is a major area of concern.
IFF CONCEPTS
Interface Forestry
was
Degraded forest based
Institution building in the form of Village Forest Council
Structured Benefit Sharing
PRA based Micro Planning
NGO involvement
Training of all implementing personnel were done
The details of guidelines issued for implementation
of interface forestry Projects are given in annexures 1 - IV.
THE LEARING EXPERIENCES
FROM INTERFACE FORESTRY
VFC
95 Village Forest Councils were formed in
the Interface Forestry areas for the implementation of Joint Forest Management. These
councils were functioning during the project period. In the post project
scenario, most of the Village Forest Councils constituted in the IFF are
not functioning and proved to be unsustainable. Only few VFCs are functioning
where there is adequate benefit flow. There is no policy sustainability on VFCs of
Interface Forestry.
Entry Point Activities (
EPA )
The entry point activities and the buffer
zone activities have served only temporary purpose and had only temporary effect.
Alternative livelihood systems, created were not sustained in the IFF villages.
Participation
Community plantations have been planned
and managed in a way that left little scope for community participations. They were
planted by the Forest Department and guarded by a Watcher. On the other hand,
IFF has shown its capacity to involve people in the programme villages to be involved
in planning, implementation and benefit sharing processes.
Attitudinal changes
IFF has created a new mind set conducive
for participatory culture in Forest management which was hitherto not existing in the
department.
Dr. R.V. Singh has observed as follows:
" The most notable achievement of the Interface Forestry project
has been the attitudional change brought about in the staff of Social Forestry
wing, in respect of peoples involvement and participatory management approach. This
achievement should be consolidated and may be institutionalised."
Resources integration
Being a watershed based approach,
implemented for the first time in the Forest department, IFF has brought about the
necessity for integration of resources use. Dr. R.V. Singh has observed as follows:
"Another important experience has been that integrated
development of the land and water resources in a village is necessary.
Forestry should therefore not be viewed in isolation but should be regarded
as an integral part of resources to meet communities requirements which should
result in adequate emphasis on optimum utilisation of land".
Inter - departmental
co-ordination
The co-ordination of the other
departments were brought about by the District Social Forestry Committee and the
activities of the various departments in the IFF villages have resulted in enormous
improvements and benefits to the village community. The learning experience
is integration of various departments at the village level can lead to not only
adequate infrastructure building, but also to holistic development of natural
resources and human resources at village level.
Sustainability
Dr. K. Balasubramaniam has observed as
follows:
"People's participation cannot be programmed. A true
participation evolved endogenously within the socio-cultural framework and a
project or a strategy should facilitate the evolutionary process.
Hence participation cannot be structured. Social Forestry and natural resource
management is an extensive and intricate task that it requires location specific
approach. Given the magnitude of the issues of the natural resource management in
Tamilnadu, even a macro level institution like Government will not be in a position
to address the issues in time and space and in terms of economics such an approach
may not be cost effective. Hence the concept of sustainability implies that it
is an issue to be managed by the local communities on their own. The Government
should treat itself as a catalyst for such a process rather than as implementing
agency. An endogeneous managerial capacity for the community to handle the natural
resources is necessary for the sustainability of the resources".
"Strategy demands that institution building should be the
major objective of the programme rather than mere planting of trees".
"Mere employment generation should not be the objective of a
project. A project should be evolved on the basis of its capacity to
generate sustainable employment. The key to the success of any
development programme lies in its capacity to generate employment in the short
run and employment stability in the long run. Though more than 70 % of Social
Forestry cost was spent on labour, a mere employment generation during the project
period without much impact on the employment stability during the post project may
not serve issues of sustainability. Certain villages in the interface forestry
programme had impacts in the employment opportunities in various sectors such
as agriculture, tertiary sectors".
Benefit Sharing
Dr. K. Balasubramaniam has observed as
follows:
" It is important to realise that the demand from the community
for a strong benefit sharing process only if the project or programme
fits within the felt needs of the community. Similarly, it is also important to
realize that since needs are not homogenous and vary from community to community and
individual to individual, it would be difficult to have a standardized benefit
sharing process for the entire State, even if the framework of the process is good. A
true benefit sharing process has to emerge within a community within the
framework of equality. A programme or a project should help the community
in fitting the process with the framework of equality. The most important lesson
learnt from the experiences is that without institutional and legal framework,
equitable benefit sharing can not be achieved".
Protection Sustainability
There is no point in painting a rosy
picture about the IFF. There were no problems of protection during the project period
however serious problems cropped up immediately after the closure of IFF project
in 1996. Encroachment was attempted on a massive scale in Vellalagundam IFF village
in Salem IFF division immediately after the closure of the project. Large scale
illicit fellings started in Allikuli RF of Tiruvallur IFF division Incidentally this
fellings were arranged by the plot watcher who was godding this forest as he has
lost his job after the closure of the project. Serious protection problems also
was their in Iyallur Interface Forest Division. In Iyallur most of the Project
benefits like fodder bank, buffer zone activities, tammerind processing units, milk
society etc., prooved to be highly unsustainable as there were no trace of this
activities in the post project scenario.
Technological
sustainability
Technological sustainability of the
plantation raised are found to be highly questionable. Some of the IFF villages once
tackled with heavy fund flow of IFF project or now to be taken under TAP project as
there was no technological sustainablity mostly due to sociological factors in
addition to ecological factors.
Tamilnadu Agricultral
Development Project (TNADP)
Tamilnadu Agricultral Development
Project (TNADP) was implemented in Tamil Nadu from 1992-97. It is a water shed based
development project. This project aims to increase the agricultural production by
improving the degraded forest areas through afforestation and through
water augmentation works. The strategy adopted was participatory
forest management with the involvement of the people by constitution of village
level committees. Government Order issued in G.O. Ms. No. 8 Environment and Forests
(FR VI) Department dated 04.01.93 has been issued for benefit sharing in such areas
and the same is given in annexure.
TNADP project was not implemented on the lines expected. There
were no effective village level committees or benefit sharing mechanisms in most
of the areas. This was implemented mainly as yet another departmental plantation
programme without adopting JFM concepts. The main draw back of this project was total
lack of training of all the personnel involved in project implementation.
JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN
TAMILNADU
Year |
Project |
| 1988 to 1996 |
Interface Forestry Project ( IFP ) -
SIDA aided |
| 1992 to 1998 |
Tamilnadu Agricultural Development
Project World Bank aided (NADP ) |
| 1997 to 2002 |
Tamil Nadu Afforestation Project ( TAP
) - Japan OECF loan. |
| 1998 onwards |
Area oriented Fuelwood and Fodder
Project ( AOFFP ) Centrally sponsored |
| 1998 onwards |
Western Ghat Development Project. (
WGDP ) |
| 1998 onwards |
Eastern Ghat Development Project. (
EGDP ) |
PRESENT
Tamil Nadu Aforestration
Project (TAP)
The major Joint Forest Management project
being implemented in Tamilnadu is the Tamilnadu Afforestation Project (TAP). The TAP
has been launched during 1997-98 in Tamilnadu with a massive tree
planting programme to bring about balanced ecological upgradation and
for meeting the requirements of the local people with respect to wood
and non-wood forest produce. The scheme envisages ecological restoration of
Forests with fullest participation of people through JFM. The project is implemented
with the assistance of Overseas Economic Co-operation Fund, Japan.The objectives of
the project are given below.
OBJECTIVES
General Objectives
To launch a massive tree plantation
programme in the State of Tamilnadu to bring about balanced ecological upgradation
and to meet, to the extent possible, the requirements of the local people
with respect to wood and non-wood forest products.
Specific Objectives
Improving the productivity of the forest by creating heterogeneity of tree species
and through intensive soil conservation and water harvesting measures.
Preserve areas which are rich in biodiversity.
In consonance with these concepts, optimise use of land resources on scientific
basis and provide employment opportunities in rural areas.
Enhancing the capabilities of the Tamilnadu Forest Department by establishing
Geographic Information system, various training programmes, and re-orientation in the
management of natural resources through Joint Forest Planning and Management.
This project is scheduled for five years with an annual target of
200 Villages and each village covering approximately 300 Ha of degraded forests. The
target for five years is given below.
TAP - FIVE YEAR TARGET
(1997 - 98 to 2001 - 02)
Total target for 5 years
Joint Forest
Management |
3,02,000 ha
(Planting) |
Buffer Zone
activities |
1000 Villages |
Incentive for local
Tree |
250 lakhs
(Seedlings) cultivation |
Conservation
Programme |
1,00,500 ha and 500
kms |
Production Programme |
650 ha. 1000 km
(Planting) |
Conservation of
Species |
2226 ha. (Planting) |
Total
financial outlay |
Rs.475.51
Crores. |
TAP FIELD ZONATION
Local Bio-diversity Conservation
Under this component 200 programme
villages are identified and work will be taken up on watershed basis following the
Joint Forest Management (JFM) concept. The watershed improvement work will
consist both planting and soil and moisture conservation work. The
improvement treatment of each watershed will be done zone -wise (eg. Lower,
Middle and Upper and buffer) based on the character of terrain and
existing vegetation cover. The watershed on a holistic basis irrespective
of ownership of land will be treated for effective action.
LOWER ZONE
The lower zone will be planted with
the species to meet the immediate needs of the village community and also for long
term benefits. 500 seedlings / ha. are to be planted in this zone in addition to soil
and moisture conservation measures like gully plugging. 450 seedlings
of miscellaneous species will be planted which can meet the need of the local
villagers for fruit, fodder, Naval, Cashew, Sitha, Nelli, Mango, Neem, Achan,
Poovarasu, Sissu, Mungil, Vagai, Usil Perumaram, Odai, Kapock etc., will be planted
here. For the balance 50. 25 good quality tamarind seedlings and 25 vegetative
propagated cuttings are to be planted in this zone.
MIDDLE ZONE
In middle zone (asset creation zone)
species to meet the long term needs of the village community will be planted. Usually
fruit bearing and small timber etc. will be planted here. 300 seedlings /ha.
are to be planted in this zone in addition to soil and moisture conservation
measures like gully plugging, check dams, contour trenches, vegetative barriers 250
Nos. of seedlings of Misc. species like Bamboo, Illupai, Naval, Nelli, Sissu, Vagai,
Achan, Poovarasu etc., will be planted here for the remaining 25 good quality
tamarind seedlings and 25 vegetative propagated cuttings are to be planted in this
asset creation zone. The rate of financial allocation per Ha. for planting work
and soil and moisture conservation measures in middle zone should be 55 : 45
respectively.
UPPER ZONE
The upper zone will be known as zone of
eco-restoration. The existing natural growth of this area will be totally protected
as such and the genetic bio-diversity will be enhanced by planting the
pioneering species available in this area. 100 seedlings / Ha. of
miscellaneous species available in this zone will be planted in addition to soil
and moisture conservation measures like gully plugging, check dams,
contour trenches, vegetative barriers. The ratio of financial allocation per Ha.
for planting work and soil and moisture conservation measures upper zone should be 35
: 65 respectively.
BUFFER ZONE
This zone comprises both the patta lands
and community poramboke waste lands falling within 2- 3 kms. radius of forest
boundary selected to be treated under TAP project. Soil and moisture conservation
works and planting along the field bunds will be taken up based on the demand
of the local villagers as planned in micro plan. Developmental activities in the
programme villages should be done in an integrated manner with the involvement of all
other sister departments and local NGOs. Asset creation works which are of priorities
are identified in consultation with Village Forest Council and included in the micro
- plan before execution.
INSTITUTION BUILDING
The detailed guidelines for
implementation of TAP project are given in annexures VII & VIII. Institutional
building is done as per these guidelines. The details of VFC,
Executive Committee (EC) and Village Forest Development Fund (VFDP) are
given below.
VILLAGE FOREST COUNCIL
(VFC)
| Membership |
One male and one female each from
each household (willing people only). |
| Membership fee |
Rs. 1 for SC/ST and Rs.2 for others (
Non - refundable ) annual . |
| Periodicity of Meeting |
At least once in 3 months or as
and when called for. |
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (EC)
Elected
by |
VFC |
Membership |
Elected Members Minimum 5 Maximum 15
Each hamlet elects least 2 of which One is woman |
Ex-Officio
members |
Village panchayat
members |
Nominated
members |
to be nominated by DFO; one NGO, one
from Development department; Territorial forester, Forest guard and Forester of
implementing division if the project is implemented by special division. |
VFC
president |
Elected by EC
members (Elected
(Ex officio president of VFC) and nominated) |
Term |
5 years or till the
completion of
project period |
Member
Secretary |
Ranger |
VILLAGE FOREST DEVELOPMENT FUND
Another type of incentive provided is the
Village Forest Development Fund. The Village Forest Development Fund. The Village
Forest Development Fund will include
1. 25% of the sale proceeds of the Non Timber forest produce.
2. Initial expenditure provided from the Forest Department.
3. Grants and loans obtained for JFM
4. Money levied as fines and penalties
5. The membership fees collected from the VFC members.
The Village Forest Development Fund credited for the VFC will
be utilised for any contingent or ancillary expenditure by the EC. Accounts of the
Village Forest Development Fund will be maintained by Member Secretary which will be
audited by the DFO annually.
BENEFIT SHARING
Benefit sharing is done as per the
project guidelines given in annexure VII & VIII. Details are as follows:
Free
of Cost |
Firewood, Fodder
,Green leaf manure , NTFP for domestic Consumption |
Selling
|
Surplus quantity of
NTFP |
Sale
proceeds |
25% remitted in VFC fund Balance
equitably Distributed among VFC members |
MULTI SECTORAL INTEGRATION
Another notable feature of JFM in Tamil
Nadu is that the activities of various departments in the village are being
integrated by the District level committee headed by the Collector. The Chief
Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu have issued a D.O. letter to all the
District Collectors to bring about integration of activities of
various departments. The Chief Secretary to Government in his D.O.
letter No.1251/FR.V/98-2, Environment and Forests (FR.VI) Department
dated 4.3.98 addressed to all the District Collectors has stated as follows for
integration the various departmental activities in the TAP villages.
"The most important objective of this scheme is to wean the
villagers away from the Forests and at the same time providing them
various avenues and opportunities for improving their living condition and
life style. To achieve this, it is essential that various
developmental activities taken up by the Government through various Departments
like Rural Development /Public Works / Highways etc., have detailed with
the schemes under Tamilnadu Afforestation Project and a
comprehensive development plan worked out. The success of this project
depends entirely on such co-ordination and co-operation of all the
Departments involved".
The details of Government guidelines for multi
sectoral integration and the D.O. letters issued by the Chief Secretary
and Director of Agriculture are given in annexure IX, X and XI. The functions of
the State Level Committee and District Level Committee are furnished below.
FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE
LEVEL COMMITTEE
It shall review and give direction on the
following : -
1. Guiding, monitoring and reviewing of the effective functioning
of the Joint Forest management in the State.
2. Monitoring and reviewing of the functioning of the Village
Forest Councils constituted.
3. Integration of various sectors and departments in all the
programme villages in Districts.
4. The half-yearly report prepared and sent by the District
Collectors to the Member-Secretary, Chief Conservator of Forests (TAP) shall
be placed before the Committee, for deliberations.
FUNCTIONS OF THE DISTRICT LEVEL COMMITTEE
The above said committee shall discharge
the functions as follows:
It shall said review the function of Joint Forest Management in
the Villages, seek the co-operation and integration of other
departments effectively as given below:-
1. To identify the areas affecting integration.
2. To review the integration of various activities by
departments involved and to suggest improvements.
3. To review the functioning of Joint Forest Management and
Village Forest Councils in the District.
4. To review the progress in the implementation of the scheme
physical and financial.
5. The committee shall prepare a half-yearly report and sent it to
the Member -Secretary, Chief Conservator of Forests (TAP).
JFM IN TAMILNADU -
FUTURE
Area to be covered in addition to the
degraded forest area covered presently JFM may be extended to all Forest areas
where man forest interface exist, whether the area is dense forest or Unit of
Management The hamlet or the habitation with respective micro watershed will
be more ideal than the present revenue village based or cluster of
village or hamlets based. Village Level Institution Self-sustaining village level
institution with financial sustainability and policy sustainability has to be
created in all the 3000 Interface villages and their hamlets /
habitations. Benefit sharing Benefit sharing may be extended to all the
villages interfacing with forests on a conditional basis. Benefit sharing
should be linked with protection status. Benefit sharing will be extended if
the people protect the forests well otherwise the benefit sharing facilities
will be withdrawn.
Project based approach .The present system of project
based approach of JFM will be replaced by a programme based
permanent approach for JFM irrespective of whether there is any JFM
projects implemented or not. JFM concepts will be adopted in all the
Interface villages. Policy sustainability Adoption of JFM will be supported
by Policy sustainability at the State level. Micro planning JFM Micro
plans will be aggregated and linked to working plans. Objective oriented site
specific planning will be adopted preferably for the entire block of
forests. Treatment plan, monitoring plan, village development plan will
be prepared for each micro watershed abutting each hamlet for habitation.
1. Action plan - Objective oriented site specific treatment plan;
compartment oriented monitoring plan; integrated village development plan with multi
sectoral integration
2. Micro level management plan for 5 years to be revised every 5 years.
Forest Department / Panchayat interface Panchayat linkage can
provide leadership resources can help in conflict resolution and fund flow for
forestry development can be arranged from Panchayat Raj instituions. Accordingly formal
linkages of the Forest, VFC and Panchayat Raj institutions is desirable. According
to central directives, MFP is supposed to be Panchayat Raj institutions.
Sustainability In future, policy sustainability, institutional
sustainability, financial sustainability and technological sustainability has to be
ensured. Participation has to move from the present level of inter-active participation to
self-mobilisation. Alternative livelihood system Innovative
approaches for creating alternative livelihood system for all the forest
dependent people to be adopted.
Tribal life support JFM has to be extended to all the tribal villages
irrespective of whether the area is degraded or dense or plantation or protected area net
work. Water shed focus in conformity with the national strategy of watershed based
development in future the JFM will be water shed based for all the forested watersheds.
AREA COVERED AND PROPOSED TO BE COVERED
UNDER JFM
| Project
|
Year |
Area
Covered in Ha |
No of
VFC Formed |
Area
Proposed to be Covered Ha |
No.
Of VFCs to be Formed |
| IFFP |
1988-96 |
35,465 |
250 |
- |
- |
| TNADP |
1992-97 |
40,000 |
150 |
- |
- |
| TAP |
1997-99 |
1,60,000 |
400 |
2,40,000 |
600 |
| AOFFP |
1998-99 |
4,800 |
48 |
19,200 |
96 |
| WGDP |
1998-99 |
3,225 |
32 |
9,675 |
192 |
| EGDP |
1998-99 |
250 |
5 |
750 |
15 |
| Total
|
|
2,43,740 |
885 |
269625 |
903 |
Information on this
page is part of the Forest Information
System Project of IIFM.
Principal Investigator: Dr. Chinmaya S. Rathore
Project Team : Dr. S.K.S. Rathore, Seema Jain
